Travelogues and Other Memories

A History of Slavery Part 7 The Romans: Slaves and Work

Footnotes

  1. Mary Beard (2015) SPQR A History of Ancient Rome. London: Profile Books ↩︎
  2. Keith Bradley (1994) Slavery and Society at Rome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press ↩︎
  3. Jean Andreau and Raymond Descat (2006) The Slave in Greece and Rome (Wisconsin Studies in Classics) Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press  ↩︎
  4. Gaius Plinius Secundus {Pliny theElder} (77 – 79 AD) Natural History Book 33, sections 95 – 164. Translated by H. Rackham (1952) pliny-natural-history ↩︎
  5. Keith Bradley (1994) Slavery and Society at Rome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press ↩︎
  6. https://carthagemagazine.com/carthage-national-museum/ ↩︎
  7. Guy de la Bédoyére (2020) Gladius: Living, Fighting and Dying in the Roman Army. london: Little, Brown ↩︎
  8. Noel Lenski (2023) Slavery in the Roman Empire within The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery throughout History. Edited by Damian A Pargas and Juliane Schiel (2023) Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan The Palgrave Handbook ↩︎
  9. Laurie Venters (2019) Recovering Runaways; Slave Catching in the Roman World https://studenttheses.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A2659945/view ↩︎
  10. Mary Beard (2015) SPQR A History of Ancient Rome. London: Profile Books ↩︎
  11. Jakob Falke (1880) Hellas und Rom. Eine Culturgeschichte des classischen Alterthums. Stuttgart: W. Spemann ↩︎
  12. Keith Bradley (1994) Slavery and Society at Rome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press ↩︎
  13. The Roman History of Ammianus Marcellinus During the Reigns of the Emperors Constantius, Julian, Jovian’s, Valentinian and Valens. Translated by C.D.Yonge M.A. (1911) London: G. Bell and Sons. Project Gutenberg EBook https://www.gutenberg.org/files/28587/28587-h/28587-h.htm ↩︎
  14. Guy de la Bédoyére (2020) Gladius: Living, Fighting and Dying in the Roman Army. london: Little, Brown ↩︎
  15. Kevin F. Kiley (2022) An Illustrated Encyclopaedia of the Uniforms of the Roman World. Dayton Ohio: Lorenz Books  ↩︎
  16. https://museoarcheologiconapoli.it ↩︎
  17. Jo-Ann Shelton (1997) As the Romans Did: A Sourcebook in Roman Social History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ↩︎
  18. Pliny the Elder, The Natural History https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book=18:chapter=4&highlight=cincinnatus ↩︎
  19. https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/work-of-art/cincinnatus-roman-version-of-a-greek-original ↩︎
  20. https://www.metmuseum.org ↩︎
  21. Seneca the Younger, Letters. Jo-Ann Shelton (1997) As the Romans Did: A Sourcebook in Roman Social History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ↩︎
  22. File:La proprietà del signore Giulio proveniente da Cartagine conservata al Bardo di Tunisi.jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:La_proprietà_del_signore_Giulio_proveniente_da_Cartagine_conservata_al_Bardo_di_Tunisi.jpg ↩︎
  23. Tenney Frank (1876 – 1939) was a classical scholar and historian who wrote a history of Rome that analysed its social and economic structures. ↩︎
  24. Tenney Frank (1919) Agriculture in Early Latium https://www.jstor.org/stable/1823609?seq=1 ↩︎
  25. https://collections.louvre.fr/en/ ↩︎
  26. Pliny ↩︎
  27. https://www.visititaly.com/holiday/rome/rome-s-sabine-hills-nature-is-just-around-the-corner.aspx ↩︎
  28. Tenney Frank (1923) A History of Rome originally published by Henry Holt and Company. https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/FRAAHR/5*.html ↩︎
  29. https://talbotspy.org/looking-at-the-masters-hadrians-villa-tivoli/ ↩︎
  30. Harold Whetstone Johnston (1903) The Private Life of the Romans: Exploring Roman Daily Life and Customs in Ancient Civilization Kindle Edition. ↩︎
  31. Steven L. Tuck (2023) “Baked bread to the people”: bread distribution and social and political networks at Pompeii. https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/3DFB7584C1DC81A0A4741EE2F513D427/S1047759423000429a.pdf/baked-bread-to-the-people-bread-distribution-and-social-and-political-networks-at-pompeii.pdf ↩︎
  32. https://museoarcheologiconapoli.it ↩︎
  33. https://museoarcheologiconapoli.it ↩︎
  34. https://pompeiisites.org/en/boscoreale-en/antiquarium-sala-i/ ↩︎
  35. The Annals of Tacitus published in Vol. IV
    of the Loeb Classical Library edition of Tacitus, 1937 https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Tacitus/Annals/12B*.html ↩︎
  36. https://museoarcheologiconapoli.it ↩︎
  37. John Reader (2004) Cities. Washington: Atlantic Monthly Press. ↩︎
  38. https://pompeiiinpictures.com/pompeiiinpictures/R7/7%2002%2022.htm ↩︎
  39. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c15zgvnvk4do ↩︎
  40. https://www.flickr.com/people/37667416@N04 ↩︎
  41. Pompeii: Prison Bakery Emerges (2023) https://pompeiisites.org/en/comunicati/pompeii-prison-bakery-emerges/ ↩︎
  42. Houses in the Red Castle museum in Tripoli ↩︎
  43. https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/object/598900 ↩︎
  44. https://www.mosaicnorthafrica.com/utica-tunisia-coastal-archaeological-site/ ↩︎
  45. https://oxfordre.com/classics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-4811 ↩︎
  46. De Re Rustica of Columella published in Vol. I of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1941 https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Columella/de_Re_Rustica/1*.html ↩︎
  47. Columella ↩︎
  48. https://murciatoday.com/the-roman-villa-of-los-cantos-in-bullas_32310-a.html ↩︎
  49. Columella ↩︎
  50. https://www.mola.org.uk ↩︎
  51. Harold Whetstone Johnston (1903) The Private Life of the Romans: Exploring Roman Daily Life and Customs in Ancient Civilization Kindle Edition.  ↩︎
  52. https://www.zentrum-der-antike.de/rheinisches-landesmuseum ↩︎
  53. https://www.museicapitolini.org ↩︎
  54. Mary Beard (2015) SPQR A History of Ancient Rome. London: Profile Books ↩︎
  55. The Slaves’ and freemen’s names were mostly found in: Susan Treggiari (1969) The Freedmen of Cicero https://www.jstor.org/stable/642848?seq=6 ↩︎
  56. Tristan K. Husby (2016) Cicero’s Anzieties About Manumission. https://tristanklemmerhusby.weebly.com/blog-greco-roman-manumission/post-166-ciceros-anxieties-about-manumission ↩︎
  57. https://retrospectjournal.com/2019/02/04/roman-slavery-the-unique-features-and-longevity-of-a-slavery-system-in-antiquity/ ↩︎
  58. Robert Conn (2019) Vernae in the Roman Republic https://original-ufdc.uflib.ufl.edu/UFE0055956/00001 ↩︎
  59. Andrew Garland (1992) Cicero’s Familia Urbana https://www.jstor.org/stable/643265?read-now=1&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents ↩︎
  60. Harold Whetstone Johnston (1903) The Private Life of the Romans: Exploring Roman Daily Life and Customs in Ancient Civilization Kindle Edition. ↩︎
  61. After F. Bianchini, Camera ed inscrizioni sepulcrali de’liberti, servi ed ufficiali della casa di Augusto scoperte nella Via Appia con le annotazioni di Francesco Bianchini veronese. Rome, 1727 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-Monumentum-Liviae-on-the-Appian-Way-a-columbarium-for-the-slaves-and-freedmen-of-the_fig2_340654944 ↩︎
  62. Susan Treggiari (1975) Jobs in the Household of Livia https://www.jstor.org/stable/40310720?read-now=1&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents ↩︎
  63. https://saintraymond.toulouse.fr ↩︎
  64. The House of Livia https://colosseo.it/en/marvels/the-house-of-livia/ ↩︎
  65. This is mostly based on the work of Susan Treggiari (1975) Jobs in the Household of Livia
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/40310720?read-now=1&seq=5 ↩︎
  66. https://museoarcheologiconapoli.it ↩︎
  67. William Smith (1875) A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. “AMANUENSIS, or AD MANUM SERVUS, a slave, or freedman, whose office it was to write letters and other things under his master’s direction. The amanuensis must not be confounded with another sort of slaves, also called ad manum servi, who were always kept ready to be employed in any business” https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Amanuensis.html ↩︎
  68. Susan Treggiari (1975) Jobs in the Household of Livia
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/40310720?read-now=1&seq=5 ↩︎
  69. https://museoarcheologiconapoli.it ↩︎
  70. https://carthagemagazine.com/carthage-national-museum/ ↩︎
  71. Mary Beard (2008) Pompeii: The Life of a Roman Town. London: profile Book ↩︎
  72. https://museonazionaleromano.beniculturali.it/en/the-colours-of-rome/ ↩︎
  73. https://museonazionaleromano.beniculturali.it/en/palazzo-massimo/ ↩︎
  74. https://www.rome.net ↩︎
  75. https://www.museivaticani.va/content/museivaticani/en/collezioni/musei/museo-chiaramonti/Museo-Chiaramonti.html ↩︎
  76. https://www.smb.museum/en/museums-institutions/altes-museum/home/ ↩︎
  77. The story of the ex-slave’s career is mostly based on: P.R.C. Weaver (1965) The Father of Claudius Etruscus: Statius, Silvae 3. 3 https://www.jstor.org/stable/637859?read-now=1&seq=9#page_scan_tab_contents ↩︎
  78. Jérôme Carcopino (2004) Daily Life in Ancient Rome. London: The Folio Society.  ↩︎
  79. https://factsanddetails.com/world/cat56/sub399/entry-6333.html ↩︎
  80. In Greek myth a maenad was a female follower of the wine God Dionysus. They were inspired by the god to become ecstatic through dance, alcohol and sex ↩︎
  81. Mary Beard (2008) Pompeii: The Life of a Roman Town. London: profile Books ↩︎
  82. https://www.khm.at/objektdb/detail/52091/ ↩︎
  83. https://pushkinmuseum.art ↩︎
  84. Anthony A. Barrett (2005) Vespasian’s Wife https://www.jstor.org/stable/41544895?read-now=1&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents ↩︎
  85. https://smaek.de ↩︎
  86. Anna Tatarkiewicz (2012) Caenis: Augusta in All but Name https://journals.akademicka.pl/cc/article/view/3176 ↩︎
  87. https://archeologicovenezia.cultura.gov.it/en/2024/10/02/dominae-and-fashion-antonia-minor-behind-the-scene-of-power/ ↩︎
  88. Anna Tatarkiewicz (2012) Caenis: Augusta in all but Name https://journals.akademicka.pl/cc/article/view/3176 ↩︎
  89. https://museoarcheologiconapoli.it/collezione-farnese/ ↩︎
  90. There are no words in latin for either homosexual or heterosexual and sexual partners were considered either active equalling masculine, or passive equalling feminine. As long as he was the dominant partner it was thought appropriate for a Roman man to have a male sexual partner. ↩︎
  91. P. Sufenas Virius Lupus – Historical Sources on Antinous https://psufenasviriuslupus.wordpress.com/pantheons/the-antinoan-pantheon/antinous/historical-sources-on-antinous/ ↩︎
  92. https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47e0-106c-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99 ↩︎
  93. https://etc.worldhistory.org/travel/the-obelisk-of-antinous-2/ ↩︎
  94. Carole Raddato – Looking for Antinous https://antigonejournal.com/2022/02/looking-for-antinous/ ↩︎
  95. Jo-Ann Shelton (1997) As the Romans Did: A Sourcebook in Roman Social History. Oxford: Oxford University Press.  ↩︎
  96. Funeral clubs were set up by plebeians who wanted a respectable funeral; they paid an initiation fee and monthly dues and met on a monthly basis for dinner. The clubs were an opportunity for a grouped of the lower classes to socialise and on their death the club paid their funeral expenses and club members attended the funeral. (see Jo-Ann Shelton) ↩︎
  97. Robert Knapp (2011) Invisible Romans: Prostitutes, Outlaws, Slaves, Gladiators, Ordinary Men. London: Profile Books. ↩︎
  98. https://www.khm.at/en/objectdb/detail/52091/?pid=2295&back=270&offset=1&lv=listpackages-5434 ↩︎
  99. Jo-Ann Shelton (1997) As the Romans Did: A Sourcebook in Roman Social History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ↩︎
  100. The Tabula Heracleensis is a bronze plaque found at Heraclea in the south of Italy. . It is an incomplete set of regulations connected to the grain dole, road maintenance, the curfew placed on carts entering Rome, and other administrative matters. It was possibly drafted by Julius Caesar and passed into law, after his death by Mark Anthony. ↩︎
  101. Johnson, Coleman-Norton & Bourne (1961) Ancient Roman Statutes. https://droitromain.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/Anglica/heracleensis_johnson.html ↩︎
  102. Cytheris was a mime actress but that was not the silent mime of Marcel Marceau; women in theatre troops were acrobats, dancers and musicians and we know that Cicero heard her sing and was moved by her performance. For more on Cytheris see: Cytheris the Mime. https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/unromantest/chapter/cytheris-the-life-of-a-female-mime/ ↩︎
  103. https://pompeiiarchaeologicalpark.com/the-house-of-the-tragic-poet-of-pompeii/#:~:text=The%20Triclinium%20Frescoes%3A%20These%20dining,Apollo’s%20unrequited%20love%20for%20Daphne. ↩︎
  104. Plutarch. The Parallel Lives: The Life of Antony. Published in Vol. IX
    of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1920 https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Antony*.html ↩︎
  105. Cicero, Philippics 2.62-62 quoted by Cytheris: The Life of a Female Mime. https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/unromantest/chapter/cytheris-the-life-of-a-female-mime/ ↩︎
  106. Michael Kerrigan: The Untold History of the Roman Emperors. Quoted by Live Science (2021) – 8 powerful female figures of ancient Rome ↩︎
  107. Anise K. Strong (2016) Powerful Concubines and Influential Courtesans https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/prostitutes-and-matrons-in-the-roman-world/powerful-concubines-and-influential-courtesans/DCC15FC6A35D368295EB82C9EE2193C4 ↩︎
  108. https://ilestours.co.uk/the-vicus-settlement-of-housesteads-fort/ ↩︎
  109. Guy de la Bédoyére (2020) Gladius: Living, Fighting and Dying in the Roman Army. london: Little, Brown ↩︎
  110. Robert Knapp (2011) Invisible Romans: Prostitutes, Outlaws, Slaves, Gladiators, Ordinary Men. London: Profile Books. . ↩︎
  111. Aelius Spartianus, The Life of Hadrian from Jo-Ann Shelton (1997) As the Romans Did: A Sourcebook in Roman Social History. Oxford: Oxford University Press.  ↩︎
  112. T.A.J. McGinn (2004) The Economy of Prostitution in the Roman World. A Study of Social History and the Brothel. University of Michigan Press quoted by Sandra R. Joshel (2006) Prostitution in the Roman World https://www.jstor.org/stable/3873582?read-now=1&seq=2#page_scan_tab_contents
      ↩︎
  113. Thomas A J McGinn (2004) Basic Economics the Enterprise of Venal Sex. https://www.press.umich.edu/pdf/0472113623-ch2.pdf ↩︎
  114. Robert Knapp (2011) Invisible Romans: Prostitutes, Outlaws, Slaves, Gladiators, Ordinary Men. London: Profile Books. ↩︎
  115. Jo-Ann Shelton (1997) As the Romans Did: A Sourcebook in Roman Social History. Oxford: Oxford University Press.  ↩︎
  116. Thomas A J McGinn (2004) Basic Economics the Enterprise of Venal Sex. https://www.press.umich.edu/pdf/0472113623-ch2.pdf ↩︎
  117. Palazzo Massimo alle Terme in Rome https://museonazionaleromano.beniculturali.it/en/palazzo-massimo/the-gallery-of-paintings-and-mosaics/ ↩︎
  118. Ian Frederick Moulton (2021) A Look at the Baths: Commentary on Martial’s Epigrams https://medium.com/the-sundial-acmrs/a-look-at-the-baths-commentary-on-martials-epigrams-bb1ad4c70260 ↩︎
  119. Pompeii, sex is the soul of commerce: the erotic paintings of the Suburban Thermal Baths https://www.planetpompeii.com/en/blog/pompeii-sex-is-the-soul-of-commerce-the-erotic-paintings-of-the-suburban-thermal-baths.html ↩︎
  120. The Roman History of Ammianus Marcellinus During the Reigns of the Emperors Constantius, Julian, Jovian’s, Valentinian and Valens. Translated by C.D.Yonge M.A. (1911) London: G. Bell and Sons. Project Gutenberg EBook https://www.gutenberg.org/files/28587/28587-h/28587-h.htm ↩︎
  121. https://pompeiiinpictures.com/pompeiiinpictures/R7/7%2012%2018.htm ↩︎
  122. Guy de la Bédoyére (2024) Populus: Living and Dying in the Wealth, Smoke and Din of Ancient Rome. London: Abacus Book ↩︎
  123. https://www.througheternity.com/en/blog/history/bath-guide-to-roman-baths.html# ↩︎

Other Sources and Further Reading

  1. Damian A Pargas and Juliane Schiel (editors) (2023) The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery throughout History. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan The Palgrave Handbook
  2. Simon Webb (2024) The Forgotten Slave Trade. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Book
  3. Noel Lenski and C. Cameron (2019) Framing the Question: What Is a Slave Society? Lenski- Cameron- Framing-the-Question
  4. W. O. Blake (1861) Slavery and the Slave Trade, Ancient and Modern, The Forms of Slavery that Prevailed in Ancient Nations, Particularly in Greece and Rome. Columbus, Ohio, H. Miller https://archive.org/details/historyofslavery00blaka
  5. Sir Christopher Hawkins (1811) Observations on the Tin Trade of the Ancients in Cornwall https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=JSoBAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.RA1-PP4&hl=en
  6. Project Ancient Tin (2023) https://projectancienttin.wordpress.com
  7. Trevor Davidson (2024) Culture, politics, and economics: Alcohol and the dynamic social environment of Celtic Europe https://scholarworks.uni.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1037&context=ugswork
  8. Karim Mata (2019) Iron Age Slaving and Enslavement in Northwest Europe https://www.archaeopress.com/Archaeopress/DMS/7631052737434378954310F59ED951B0/9781789694185-sample.pdf
  9. Bettina Arnold (1999) Drinking the Feast: Alcohol and the Legitimation of Power in Celtic Europe https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bettina-Arnold/publication/231888141_’Drinking_the_Feast’_Alcohol_and_the_Legitimation_of_Power_in_Celtic_Europe/links/544135fe0cf2e6f0c0f6049f/Drinking-the-Feast-Alcohol-and-the-Legitimation-of-Power-in-Celtic-Europe.pdf
  10. Barry Cunliffe (1985) Slaves, Wine and the Roman Conquest https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=08lGo11Og6M
  11. Francis Pryor ( 2003) Britain BC. London: Harper Collin
  12. Jean Andreau and Raymond Descat (2006) The Slave in Greece and Rome (Wisconsin Studies in Classics) Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press
  13. Charles Freeman (1999) The Greek Achievement. London: Allen Lane
  14. Mary Beard (2015) SPQR A History of Ancient Rome. London: Profile Books
  15. Mary Beard (2024) Emperor of Rome. London: Profile Books
  16. Mary Beard (2008) Pompeii: The Life of a Roman Town. London: Profile Books
  17. Keith Bradley (1994) Slavery and Society at Rome. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  18. Jérôme Carcopino (2004) Daily Life in Ancient Rome. London: The Folio Society.
  19. J.P.V.D. Balsdon [editor] (1965) The Romans. London: C.A. Watts & Co
  20. Nigel Rodgers (2008) Ancient Rome. London: Hermes House
  21. Guy de la Bédoyére (2013) Roman Britain A New History (revised edition). London: Thames & Hudson
  22. Guy de la Bédoyére (2024) Populus: Living and Dying in the Wealth, Smoke and Din of Ancient Rome. London: Abacus Books
  23. Guy de la Bédoyére (2020) Gladius: Living, Fighting and Dying in the Roman Army. london: Little, Brown
  24. Peter Jones (2013) Veni, Vidi, Vici: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About the Romans But Were Afraid to Ask. London: Atlantic Books
  25. Jo-Ann Shelton (1997) As the Romans Did: A Sourcebook in Roman Social History. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  26. Vincent J Rosivach (1987) Autochthony and the Athenians https://www.jstor.org/stable/638830?seq=1
  27. Jason Paul Wickham (2014) The Enslavement of War Captives by the Romans to 146 BC https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/17893/1/WickhamJ_May2014_17893.pdf
  28. Eleanor G. Huzar (1962) Roman-Egyptian Relations in Delos https://www.jstor.org/stable/3293859?read-now=1&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
  29. Philostratus (translated by Frederick Conybeare 1912) The Life of Apollonius of Tyana https://archive.org/details/conybeare-1912-philostratus-apollonius/mode/2up
  30. Olga Pelcer-Vujačić (2019) Slaves and Freemen in Lydia and Phrygia in the Early Roman Empire https://istorijskizapisi.me/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Pelcer-Vujacic-Slaves-and-freedmen-in-Lydia-and-Phrygia.pdf
  31. Walter Scheidel (2024) Slavery’s Rome https://www.academia.edu/119779150/Scheidel_Slaverys_Rome
  32. A. B. Bosworth (2002) Vespasian and the Slave Trade https://www.jstor.org/stable/3556462?read-now=1&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
  33. Laurie Venters (2019) Recovering Runaways; Slave Catching in the Roman World https://studenttheses.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A2659945/view
  34. Guy D. Middleton (2023) The Horror of Pompeii. https://aeon.co/essays/what-pompeiis-ruins-say-about-its-enslaved-prostituted-women
  35. Lincoln H. Blumell (2007) Beware of Bandits Banditry and Land Travel in the Roman Empire https://www.academia.edu/5826506/_Beware_of_Bandits_Banditry_and_Land_Travel_in_the_Roman_Empire_Journeys_The_International_Journal_of_Travel_and_Travel_Writing_8_1_2008_1_20
  36. Susan Treggiari (1975) Jobs in the Household of Livia https://www.jstor.org/stable/40310720?read-now=1&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
  37. Jon Gauthier (2013) Marcus Aurelius and slavery in the Roman Empire marcus-aurelius-slavery
  38. Kevin F. Kiley (2022) An Illustrated Encyclopaedia of the Uniforms of the Roman World. Dayton Ohio: Lorenz Books 
  39. Greek and Roman Authors on LacusCurtius – “A good number of these classical texts by ancient authors, whether in the original language or in translation, are not to be found elsewhere online.” http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/
  40. Robert Knapp (2011) Invisible Romans: Prostitutes, Outlaws, Slaves, Gladiators, Ordinary Men. London: Profile Books
  41. Emma Southon (2020) A Fatal Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum: Murder in Ancient Rome. London: Oneworld Publications
  42. Harold Whetstone Johnston (1903) The Private Life of the Romans: Exploring Roman Daily Life and Customs in Ancient Civilization Kindle Edition.
  43. John Reader (2004) Cities. Washington: Atlantic Monthly Press.

Pages: 1 2

stevemiddlehurst Avatar

Published by

stevemiddlehurst
Categories:
Tags: , , , ,

I would appreciate hearing your thoughts on this subject.