Appendix A

Survivors of the Relief Column and People Recruited in Unyanyembe

(FS) = Freed Slave (NB) = Nasik Boy

Footnotes

1. Gifty Burrows. Porters – Unseen Disposable People https://www.fromlocaltoglobal.co.uk/porters-unseen-disposable-people ↩︎
2. Rt. Hon. Sir Bartle Frere (1874) Eastern Africa as a field for missionary labour; four letters to His Grace, the Archbishop of Canterbury. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100371984 ↩︎
3. https://astonrowant.wordpress.com/wycombe-court/ ↩︎
4. Europeans in Africa William Slater Price https://www.europeansineastafrica.co.uk/_site/custom/database/default.asp?a=viewIndividual&pid=2&person=7170 ↩︎
5. Named after Robert Money, a laymen of the CMS mission who had worked to introduce Christian education to Bombay and died in 1835. His friends raised funds as a memorial and established the Money School which is now the Robert Money Technical High School and is probably the oldest school in Mumbai. ↩︎
6. Rev. H Gundert (1885) A Biography of Rev. Charles Isenberg https://anglicanhistory.org/africa/gundert_isenberg1885/ ↩︎
7. New York Public Library Creative Commons https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/97148948-43f6-2b50-e040-e00a18060e54 ↩︎
8. HMIS denotes Her Majesty’s Indian Ship. Zenobia was built in Waterford in 1839 and purchased for the Indian Navy. ↩︎
9. Rev. H Gundert (1885) A Biography of Rev. Charles Isenberg https://anglicanhistory.org/africa/gundert_isenberg1885/  ↩︎
10. Qatar Digital Library. Measures for Suppressing the Slave Trade https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100129828640.0x00000f ↩︎
11. Qatar Digital Library. Measures for Suppressing the Slave Trade https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100129828640.0x00000f ↩︎
12. Rev. H Gundert (1885) A Biography of Rev. Charles Isenberg https://anglicanhistory.org/africa/gundert_isenberg1885/   ↩︎
13. https://x.com/HistoryKE/status/1448385264120999947/photo/1 ↩︎
14. James Tengatenga (2013) The Legacy of Dr. David Livingstone. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23611941 ↩︎
15. Havildar or havaldaur was, and still is, the rank of sergeant in the Indian Army. ↩︎
16. A sepoy was a professional infantryman in the Indian Army. ↩︎
17. Donald Simpson (1975) Dark Companions: The African Contribution to the European Exploration of Africa. London: Paul Elek ↩︎
18. Horace Waller (1874) The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa. London: John Murray https://archive.org/details/lastjournalsofda01livi/mode/2up?q=chuma ↩︎
19. H.B.Thomas (1950) The Death of Doctor Livingstone: Carus Farrar’s Narrative https://original-ufdc.uflib.ufl.edu/UF00080855/00028/11x ↩︎
20. Gifty Burrows. Porters – Unseen Disposable People https://www.fromlocaltoglobal.co.uk/porters-unseen-disposable-people ↩︎
21. H.B.Thomas (1950) The Death of Doctor Livingstone: Carus Farrar’s Narrative https://original-ufdc.uflib.ufl.edu/UF00080855/00028/11x  ↩︎
22. Donald Simpson (1975) Dark Companions: The African Contribution to the European Exploration of Africa. London: Paul Elek ↩︎
23. Henry Morton Stanley (1878) Through the Dark Continent Vol I. London: Samson Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.173877/page/n1/mode/2up ↩︎
24. Royal useums Greenwich – Slave Caravan https://www.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/rmgc-object-254712 ↩︎
25. The name of Chuma’s parents and his home village comes from Donald Simpson (1975) Dark Companions: The African Contribution to the European Exploration of Africa. London: Paul Elek. In his notes Simpson says that Chuma’s story comes from Waller’s notebooks to which I have no access. I cannot find anywhere in Malawi with a name similar to Kusogwe. ↩︎
26. Henry Rowley (1866) The Story of the Universities Mission to Central Africa, from its commencement, under Bishop Mackenzie, to its withdrawal from the Zambezi. London: Saunders, Otley, and Co. https://archive.org/details/ofuniversitstory00rowlrich/ofuniversitstory00rowlrich/mode/2up ↩︎
27. This photograph is in the International Mission Archive at the National Library of Scotland and is titled “Lady Nyasa, Shire River, Malawi c.a. 1900” but the image cannot be of the Lady Nyasa as she was taken to Bombay and sold there by Livingstone in 1864. Based on her design I am sure that this is the SS Ilala. https://digitallibrary.usc.edu/asset-management/2A3BF1EZBA23?FR_=1&W=1229&H=1278 ↩︎
28. Donald Simpson (1975) Dark Companions: The African Contribution to the European Exploration of Africa. London: Paul Elek  ↩︎
29. Edwin Hodder (c.1890) Heroes of Britain in Peace and War https://books.google.mw/books?id=siUAAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=livingstone&f=false ↩︎
30. Horace Waller (1874) The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa. London: John Murray https://archive.org/details/lastjournalsofda01livi/mode/2up?q=chuma ↩︎
31. Robert Brown (1873) The Races of Mankind. London: Cassell, Petter & Galpin https://archive.org/details/racesofmankindbe03robe/page/n6/mode/1up?view=theater ↩︎
32. Robert Brown (1873) The Races of Mankind. London: Cassell, Petter & Galpin https://archive.org/details/racesofmankindbe03robe/page/n6/mode/1up?view=theater ↩︎
33. “One of the most imposing Pageants Livingstone Saw in this expedition was the State Procession of the Wife of Cazembe, who came to do him Honour, Borne upon the Shoulders of the Choicest of the Young Warriors Preceded by a Band of Musicians, and followed by Damsels Brandishing Spears”. Wife of Cazembe visiting Livingstone. Illustration from Heroes of Britain in Peace and War by Edwin Hodder (Cassell, c 1890). https://books.google.mw/books?id=siUAAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=livingstone&f=false ↩︎
34. Sir Henry M Stanley (1872) How I found Livingstone: Travels, Adventures and Discoveries in Central Africa. London: Samson Low, Marston and Company https://archive.org/details/howifoundlivings00stanuoft/howifoundlivings00stanuoft/page/n5/mode/2up?q=wellington ↩︎
35. Sir Henry M Stanley (1872) How I found Livingstone: Travels, Adventures and Discoveries in Central Africa. London: Samson Low, Marston and Company https://archive.org/details/howifoundlivings00stanuoft/howifoundlivings00stanuoft/page/n5/mode/2up?q=wellington ↩︎
36. Horace Waller (1874) The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death Vol. II. London: John Murray. https://archive.org/details/lastjournalsdav01livigoog/page/n6/mode/2up?q=stanley ↩︎
37. Sir Henry M Stanley (1872) How I found Livingstone: Travels, Adventures and Discoveries in Central Africa. London: Samson Low, Marston and Company https://archive.org/details/howifoundlivings00stanuoft/howifoundlivings00stanuoft/page/n5/mode/2up?q=wellington ↩︎
38. Illustrations from James E. Ritchie, The Pictorial Edition of the Life and Discoveries of David Livingstone, 2 vols (London and Edinburgh: A. Fullarton & Co., 1876-1879), 2:65.  ↩︎
39. Joseph Thomson (1881) To the Central African Lakes and Back. Vol 1. London: Sampson Low, Marston , Searle and Rivington. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433081905519&seq=11&q1=chuma ↩︎
40. Pilkington-Jackson, “Last Journey,” 1929, details. Copyright Angela Aliff. Livingstone On-Line says: “Although often stylized or abstracted, such representations of Livingstone’s African companions can help fill the gap when no other images exist. When coupled with critical text or first-hand information drawn from Livingstone’s manuscripts, the representations also help convey a sense of the many historically-silenced individuals who supported Livingstone’s travels.” https://livingstoneonline.org/spectral-imaging/glossary-key-terms-in-livingstones-manuscripts-1870-71 ↩︎
41. Illustration from Through the Dark Continent (Stanley 1878) ↩︎
42. Wellcome Collection: Henry Morton Stanley and David Livingstone on Lake Tanganyika. Lithograph. https://wellcomecollection.org/search/images?query=mf393txx ↩︎
43. https://www.mediastorehouse.com/galleries/tanganyika ↩︎
44. H.B.Thomas (1950) The Death of Doctor Livingstone: Carus Farrar’s Narrative https://original-ufdc.uflib.ufl.edu/UF00080855/00028/11x ↩︎
45. Sir Henry M Stanley (1872) How I found Livingstone: Travels, Adventures and Discoveries in Central Africa. London: Samson Low, Marston and Company https://archive.org/details/howifoundlivings00stanuoft/howifoundlivings00stanuoft/page/n5/mode/2up?q=wellington ↩︎
46. Sir Henry M Stanley (1872) How I found Livingstone: Travels, Adventures and Discoveries in Central Africa. London: Samson Low, Marston and Company https://archive.org/details/howifoundlivings00stanuoft/howifoundlivings00stanuoft/page/n5/mode/2up?q=wellington ↩︎
47. H.B.Thomas (1950) The Death of Doctor Livingstone: Carus Farrar’s Narrative https://original-ufdc.uflib.ufl.edu/UF00080855/00028/11x ↩︎
48. Horace Waller (1874) The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death Vol. II. London: John Murray. https://archive.org/details/lastjournalsdav01livigoog/page/n6/mode/2up?q=stanley ↩︎
49. Horace Waller (1874) The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death Vol. II. London: John Murray. https://archive.org/details/lastjournalsdav01livigoog/page/n6/mode/2up?q=stanley ↩︎
50. Horace Waller (1874) The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death Vol. II. London: John Murray. https://archive.org/details/lastjournalsdav01livigoog/page/n6/mode/2up?q=stanley ↩︎
51. Horace Waller (1874) The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death Vol. II. London: John Murray. https://archive.org/details/lastjournalsdav01livigoog/page/n6/mode/2up?q=stanley ↩︎
52. Michael P. Barrett and Federica Giordani (2017) Inside Doctor Livingstone: a Scottish icon’s encounter with tropical disease https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5964472/ ↩︎
53. H.B.Thomas (1950) The Death of Doctor Livingstone: Carus Farrar’s Narrative https://original-ufdc.uflib.ufl.edu/UF00080855/00028/11x ↩︎
54. Horace Waller (1874) The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death Vol. II. London: John Murray. https://archive.org/details/lastjournalsdav01livigoog/page/n6/mode/2up?q=stanley ↩︎
55. Susi and Chuma refer to these settlements as villages but given the story that they enter one and then storm and burn six others it seems far more likely that these are family enclosures or compounds that together form a larger settlement. ↩︎
56. Royal Geographical Society – Hidden Histories of Black Geographers https://www.rgs.org/about-us/our-work/equality-diversity-and-inclusion/black-geographers-past-present-future/hidden-histories-of-black-geographers#:~:text=For%20eight%20long%20hazardous%20years,much%20in%20debted%20for%20the ↩︎
57. Eugene Stock (1899) The History of the Church Missionary Society: its environments, its men and its work https://archive.org/details/historyofchurchm03stoc/page/78/mode/2up?q=jacob ↩︎
58. Livingstone Online https://livingstoneonline.wordpress.com/2019/04/23/livingstone-online-publishes-a-rare-nineteenth-century-african-manuscript/ ↩︎
59. Internment at Westminster Abbey of the coffin of David Livingstone. Wood engraving by J. Nash. https://wellcomecollection.org/works/dumw6cpw/images?id=ujwa93pw ↩︎
60. Joseph Thomson (1881) To the Central African Lakes and Back. Vol 1. London: Sampson Low, Marston , Searle and Rivington. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433081905519&seq=11&q1=chuma ↩︎
61. Petina Gappah (2020) Out of Darkness, Shining Light. London: Faber & Faber ↩︎

Other Sources and Further Reading

1. The Victorian Royal Navy is an incredible resource for anyone researching the nineteenth-century RN and/ or the slave trade. https://www.pdavis.nl/index.htm
2. Rev. Pascoe Grenfell Hill (1844) Fifty Days on Board a Slave Vessel in the Mozambique Channel in April & May 1843. New York: J, Winchester, New World Press https://ia801307.us.archive.org/34/items/fiftydaysonboard1844hill/fiftydaysonboard1844hill.pdf
3. Horrors of the Slave trade – The Progresso
   The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser (1835-1869), 21 September 1843, https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/singfreepressa18430921-1.2.12.9
4. Murder of Lieut. Molesworth The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser (1835-1869), 15 August 1844 https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/singfreepressa18440815-1.2.6
5. British and Foreign State Papers 1843-1844. London: J.Ridgeway and Sons https://archive.org/details/britishforeignst3218grea/page/n5/mode/2up?q=%22cape+of+good+hope%22
6. Mrs Fred Egerton (1896) Admiral of the Fleet Sir Geoffrey Phipps Hornby. London: William Blackwood and Sons https://archive.org/details/cu31924027922479/mode/2up
7. South African History Online – the Early Cape Slave Trade https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/early-cape-slave-trade
8. Edward A Alpers (1970) The French Slave Trade in East Africa (1721-1810) https://www.jstor.org/stable/4391072?read-now=1&seq=43#page_scan_tab_contents
9. Christopher Sanders (1985) Liberated Africans in Cape Colony in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century https://www.jstor.org/stable/217741?read-now=1&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
10. Gerald S. Graham (1967) Great Britain in the Indian Ocean: A Study of Maritime Enterprise 1810-1850. Oxford: Clarendon Press https://archive.org/details/greatbritaininin0000grah/page/n7/mode/2up?q=slave
11. A short description of Pascoe Hill’s life – https://www.wikitree.com/genealogy/Hill-Photos-39134/
12. Captain G. L. Sullivan R.N. (1873) Dhow Chasing in Zanzibar Waters and on the Eastern Coast of Africa. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Low & Searle.
13. M.D.D. Newitt (1972) Angoche, The Slave Trade and the Portuguese 1844 – 1910 https://www.jstor.org/stable/180760?read-now=1&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
14. Brazil: Essays on History and Politics (2018) Britain and Brazil (1808–1914) https://www.jstor.org/stable
15. Captain G. L. Sullivan R.N. (1873) Dhow Chasing in Zanzibar Waters and on the Eastern Coast of Africa. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Low & Searle.
16. Peter Collister (1980) The Sulivans and the Slave Trade. London: Rex Collings
17. Christopher Saunders (1985) Liberated Africans in cape Colony in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century https://www.jstor.org/stable/217741?seq=1
18. Stephane Pradines (2019) From Zanzibar to Kilwa : Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Omani Forts in East Africa https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343797763_From_Zanzibar_to_Kilwa_Eighteenth_and_Nineteenth_Century_Omani_Forts_in_East_Africa
19. John Broich (2017) Squadron: Ending the African Slave Trade. London & New York: Overlook Duckworth
20. Julien Durup The Diaspora of “Liberated African Slaves”!
    In South Africa, Aden, India, East Africa, Mauritius, and the Seychelles https://www.blacfoundation.org/pdf/Libafrican.pdf
21. Philip Howard Colomb (1873) Slave Catching in the Indian Ocean: A Record of Naval Experiences. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.
22. Henry Rowley (1866) The Story of the Universities Mission to Central Africa, from its commencement, under Bishop Mackenzie, to its withdrawal from the Zambezi. London: Saunders, Otley, and Co. https://archive.org/details/ofuniversitstory00rowlrich/ofuniversitstory00rowlrich/mode/2up
23. David Livingstone (1865) A Popular Account of Dr. Livingstone’s Expedition to the Zambesi and its Tributies: and the Discovery of Lakes Shirva and Nyassa 1858 – 1864. Accessed at Project Guttenberg’s 2001 edition. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2519/2519-h/2519-h.htm
24. Robert Keable (1912) Darkness or Light: Studies in the History of the Universities’ Mission to Central Africa Illustrating the Theory and Practice of Missions. London: Universities’ Mission to Central Africa https://missiology.org.uk/pdf/e-books/keable_robert/darkness-or-light_keable.pdf
25. A.E.M. Anderson-Morshead (1899) The History of the Universities’ Mission to Central Africa 1859-1898. London: Universities’ Mission to Central Africa https://digital.soas.ac.uk/AA00001117/00001/2x
26. E.D Young (1868) The Search After Livingstone, (A diary kept during the investigation of his reported murder). London: Letts Son, and co. The-Search-After-Livingstone
27. Sir Henry M Stanley (1872) How I found Livingstone: Travels, Adventures and Discoveries in Central Africa. London: Samson Low, Marston and Company https://archive.org/details/howifoundlivings00stanuoft/howifoundlivings00stanuoft/page/n5/mode/2up?q=wellington
28. Fred Morton (1990) Children of Ham: Freed Slaves and Fugitive Slaves on the Kenya Coast 1873 to 1907 https://www.academia.edu/41463426/Slavery_and_Escape_Excerpts_from_Children_of_Ham_Freed_Slaves_and_Fugitive_Slaves_on_the_Kenya_Coast_1873_to_1907
29. Horace Waller (1874) The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa. London: John Murray https://archive.org/details/lastjournalsofda01livi/mode/2up?q=chuma
30. Mrs. Charles E.B. Russell (1935) General Rigby, Zanzibar and the Slave Trade with Journals, Dispatches, etc. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd https://ia801501.us.archive.org/18/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.34110/2015.34110.General-Rigby-Zanzibay-And-The-Slave-Trade_text.pdf
31. Rt. Hon. Sir Bartle Frere (1874) Eastern Africa as a field for missionary labour; four letters to His Grace, the Archbishop of Canterbury. https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100371984
32. Verne’s Lovett Cameron (1877) Across Africa Vol 1. London: Daldy, Isbister & Co https://archive.org/details/acrossafrica01came/page/n8/mode/1up?view=theater
33. Eugene Stock (1899) The History of the Church Missionary Society: its environments, its men and its work https://archive.org/details/historyofchurchm03stoc/page/78/mode/2up?q=jacob
34. Donald Simpson (1975) Dark Companions: The African Contribution to the European Exploration of Africa. London: Paul Elek
35. Henry Rowley (1866) The Story of the Universities Mission to Central Africa, from its commencement, under Bishop Mackenzie, to its withdrawal from the Zambezi. London: Saunders, Otley, and Co. https://archive.org/details/ofuniversitstory00rowlrich/ofuniversitstory00rowlrich/mode/2up
36. Henry Morton Stanley (1878) Through the Dark Continent Vol I. London: Samson Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.173877/page/n1/mode/2up
37. Horace Waller (1874) The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death Vol. II. London: John Murray. https://archive.org/details/lastjournalsdav01livigoog/page/n6/mode/2up?q=stanley
38. H.B.Thomas (1950) The Death of Doctor Livingstone: Carus Farrar’s Narrative https://original-ufdc.uflib.ufl.edu/UF00080855/00028/11x
39. Frank Debenham (1955) the Way to Ilala: David Livingstone’s Pilgrimage. London: Longmans, Green and Co. https://archive.org/details/waytoilaladavidl0000fran/page/4/mode/2up
40. Joseph Thomson (1881) To the Central African Lakes and Back. Vol I. London: Sampson Low, Marston , Searle and Rivington. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433081905519&seq=11&q1=chuma
41. Joseph Thomson (1881) To the Central African Lakes and Back. Vol II. London: Sampson Low, Marston , Searle and Rivington. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044072252877&seq=9
42. Andrew Ross (2005) David Livingstone https://journals.openedition.org/etudesecossaises/151?lang=en
43. Petina Gappah (2020) Out of Darkness, Shining Light. London: Faber & Faber

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