Footnotes

1. Ancient Egypt Research Associates – AERA The Lost City of the Pyramids https://aeraweb.org/projects/lost-city/ ↩︎
2. Ella Karev (2023) Ancient Egyptian Slavery. Contained within The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery throughout History edited by Damian A Pargas and Juliane Schiel (2023). Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan The Palgrave Handbook ↩︎
3. Iosif Lazaridis and Others (2017) Ancient DNA reveals origins of the Minoans and Mycenaeans https://www.mpg.de/11419864/origins-of-minoans-and-mycenaeans ↩︎
4. Knossos Palace Greece – Evolution of Minoan Weaponry – https://knossos-palace.gr/evolution-of-minoan-weaponry/ ↩︎
5. Barry P.C. Molloy (2012) Martial Minoans? War as Social Process, Practice and Event in Bronze Age Crete. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41721880?read-now=1&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents ↩︎
6. Malloy (2012) ↩︎
7. https://www.worldhistory.org/image/136/lions-gate-detail-mycenae/ ↩︎
8. The Mycenaeans were named as such by modern archaeologists who saw the settlement at Mycenae as the dominant force in that age. It is highly unlikely that the inhabitants of the many other “Mycenaean” settlements that existed at the same time would have agreed with this idea. ↩︎
9. Iosif Lazaridis and Others (2017) Ancient DNA reveals origins of the Minoans and Mycenaeans https://www.mpg.de/11419864/origins-of-minoans-and-mycenaeans ↩︎
10. https://smarthistory.org/intro-mycenaean-art/ ↩︎
11. It is possible that the Minoans created Linear B on behalf of the Mycenaeans. They took the concept of their writing that recorded the unique and now lost Minoan language and developed or evolved it to record the Proto-Greek language spoken by the Mycenaeans. According to Encyclopaedia Britannica Linear B is an adapted form of Linear A, and is attested on clay tablets and on some vases, both dating from about 1400 bc to roughly 1200 BC. ↩︎
12. Dr. Senta German (?) Mycenaean art, an introduction https://smarthistory.org/intro-mycenaean-art/ ↩︎
13. Photograph by Xuan Che (2003) Mycenaean Death Mask https://www.worldhistory.org/image/1236/mycenaean-death-mask/ ↩︎
14. Oliver Dickinson (1994) The Aegean Bronze Age / The Greeks and the Bronze Age https://www.blackwellpublishing.com/content/bpl_images/content_store/sample_chapter/9781405167321/9781405167321_001.pdf ↩︎
15. https://www.namuseum.gr/en/monthly_artefact/the-face-of-farewell/ ↩︎
16. https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1898-1201-319 ↩︎
17. Original image by Carole Raddato (2012) Odysseus & the Sirens https://www.worldhistory.org/image/235/odysseus–the-sirens/#:~:text=Illustration,-by%20Carole%20Raddato&text=Roman%20mosaic%20depicting%20Odysseus%20and,Bardo%20National%20Museum%2C%20Tunisia. ↩︎
18. Both men lived in the 8th or 9th century BC long after the collapse of the Mycenaean civilisation but are believed to have formalised oral tradition that had survived through the Greek Dark Ages. ↩︎
19. Owen Jarus (2024) Ancient Troy: The city and the legend of the Trojan War https://www.livescience.com/38191-ancient-troy.html# ↩︎
20. Charles Choi (2008) Odysseus’ return from Trojan War dated https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna25337041# ↩︎
21. https://theconversation.com/what-homers-odyssey-can-teach-us-about-reentering-the-world-after-a-year-of-isolation-159036 ↩︎
22. Josh Brouwers (2020) Are the Homeric Epics and Accurate Source for the Bronze Age Aegean? https://www.badancient.com/claims/homeric-epics-source-bronze-age-aegean/ ↩︎
23. Michael C. Carlos Museum https://collections.carlos.emory.edu/objects/20552/votive-relief-with-banquet-scene?ctx=de3a8e0c6bfb1102393d0d86bc98e6effcb24dc9&idx=0&_gl=1*12fohhg*_ga*MjEzOTEwMjQ4MS4xNzM4NjY1Njk3*_ga_KVG79HN1PT*MTczODY2NTY5Ni4xLjEuMTczODY2NTc3Mi42MC4wLjA. ↩︎
24. I have based my thoughts regarding the Odyssey on Emily Wilson’s very accessible and recent translation – Emily Wilson (2023) The Odyssey. New York & London: W.W.Norton & Company ↩︎
25. Michael C. Carlos Museum (2021) Confronting Slavery in the Classical World https://carlos.emory.edu/exhibition/confronting-slavery-classical-world ↩︎
26. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Odysseus_slays_the_suitors_of_his_wife_Penelope_(Skyphos_pot).jpg ↩︎
27. https://artvee.com/artist/friedrich-preller-the-elder/ ↩︎
28. https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1885-0509-1915 ↩︎
29. https://www.antike-am-koenigsplatz.mwn.de/index.php/en/state-collection/319-collection ↩︎
30. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mnesterophonia_Louvre_CA7124.jpg ↩︎
31. https://www.mbam.qc.ca/en/works/34458/ ↩︎

Appendices

The Periods of Ancient Egypt

Other Sources and Further Reading

1. Damian A Pargas and Juliane Schiel (editors) (2023) The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery throughout History. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan The Palgrave Handbook
2. Simon Webb (2024) The Forgotten Slave Trade. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Book
3. Noel Lenski and C. Cameron (2019) Framing the Question: What Is a Slave Society? https://www.academia.edu/40285420/Framing_the_Question_What_Is_a_Slave_Society_proofs

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