Footnotes

1. Alissa Mittnik and Others (2019) Kinship-based social inequality in Bronze Age Europe https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aax6219 ↩︎
2. © Copyright Elliott Simpson and licensed for reuse under this Creative Commons Licence. https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/2670913 ↩︎
3. https://arrecaballo.es/edad-antigua/suevos-vandalos-y-alanos/origenes-de-los-suevos/# ↩︎
4. E.A Thompson (1957) Slavery in Early Germany https://www.jstor.org/stable/23039695?read-now=1&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents ↩︎
5. Martin Mikkelsen (?) Slaves in Bronze Age Southern Scandinavia? https://brill.com/view/journals/acar/91/1/article-p147_6.xml?language=en ↩︎
6. https://skjalden.com/sagnlandet-lejre/ ↩︎
7. Martin Mikkelsen (?) Slaves in Bronze Age Southern Scandinavia? https://brill.com/view/journals/acar/91/1/article-p147_6.xml?language=en ↩︎
8. https://historyofenglishpodcast.com/2012/12/15/episode-17-ancient-celts-and-the-latin-invasion-of-gaul/ ↩︎
9. https://europe.factsanddetails.com/article/entry-263.html ↩︎
10. The marking stones referred to here are probably markers placed by the lender to show the indebtedness of the original owner. ↩︎
11. John McNeer (2019) 2.400 Year Old Greek Trading Vessel Discovered Intact 6,000 Feet Under the Black Sea https://historyarch.com/2019/01/09/news-2400-year-old-greek-trading-vessel-discovered-intact-6000-feet-under-the-black-sea/  ↩︎
12. David M. Lewis (2022) A Cargo of Slaves? Demosthenes 34.10 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00253359.2022.2048524 ↩︎
13. The French History Podcast (transcript) (2019) The Greek Empire in Gaul. https://www.thefrenchhistorypodcast.com/8-the-greek-empire-in-gaul/#:~:text=The%20Gauls%20had%20an%20insatiable,were%20mined%20in%20the%20Pyrenees. ↩︎
14. James Dilley (2020) How Did Copper Mining Evolve in Bronze Age Britain? https://www.ancientcraft.co.uk/post/copper-mining-in-bronze-age-britainn ↩︎
15. Alan Williams (2019) Bronze Age discovery reveals surprising extent of Britain’s trade with Europe 3,600 years ago Liverpool_Uni- Bronze-Age ↩︎
16. James Dilley (2020) How Did Copper Mining Evolve in Bronze Age Britain? https://www.ancientcraft.co.uk/post/copper-mining-in-bronze-age-britain ↩︎
17. https://www.worldhistory.org/image/4818/phoenician-punic-ship/ ↩︎
18. Their reaction to his work is somewhat of a mixed bag. Polybius (200 to 118 BC) denounced Pytheas’ work as a frabication and Strabo (63 to 24 BC) called him a liar which, in many ways shows how remarkable his voyage if 200 years later people still thought it impossible. However Timaeus (345 – 250 BC) took his reports at face value and quoted him at length as did Eratosthenes of Cyrene (276 – 194 BC), the chief librarian at the Great Library in Alexandria. ↩︎
19. https://www.roman-britain.co.uk/classical-references/strabo-geography/ ↩︎
20. As above. ↩︎
21. https://www.peoplescollection.wales/items/584889#?xywh=-905%2C-1%2C6770%2C3538 ↩︎
22. For more on this and other subjects relating to ritual in the Bronze and Iron ages I would strongly recommend: Francis Pryor (2003) Britain BC. London: Harper Collins ↩︎
23. https://www.peoplescollection.wales/items/584897#?xywh=-213%2C-281%2C6416%2C3352 ↩︎
24. Francis Pryor ( 2003) Britain BC. London: Harper Collins ↩︎
25. https://museum.maidstone.gov.uk/staff-pick-slave-chains/#:~:text=These%20Iron%20Age%20slave%20chains,the%20slave%20trade%20was%20thriving. ↩︎
26. https://landesmuseum-bonn.lvr.de/de/forschung/projekte/projekt_celtic_gold.html ↩︎
27. Barry Cunliffe (1985) Slaves, Wine and the Roman Conquest https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=08lGo11Og6M ↩︎
28. https://www.snm.sk/en/museums/museum-of-history/museum-of-history/visit/exhibitions?clanok=celtic-from-bratislava ↩︎
29. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-burial-equipment-from-the-chieftains-grave-at-Oss-found-in-1933-and-restored-in_fig7_333124942 ↩︎
30. Karim Mata (2019) Iron Age Slaving and Enslavement in Northwest Europe https://www.archaeopress.com/Archaeopress/DMS/7631052737434378954310F59ED951B0/9781789694185-sample.pdf ↩︎
31. Karim Mata (2019) Iron Age Slaving and Enslavement in Northwest Europe https://www.archaeopress.com/Archaeopress/DMS/7631052737434378954310F59ED951B0/9781789694185-sample.pdf  ↩︎

Other Sources and Further Reading

1. Damian A Pargas and Juliane Schiel (editors) (2023) The Palgrave Handbook of Global Slavery throughout History. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan The Palgrave Handbook
2. Simon Webb (2024) The Forgotten Slave Trade. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Book
3. Noel Lenski and C. Cameron (2019) Framing the Question: What Is a Slave Society? Lenski- Cameron- Framing-the-Question
4. W. O. Blake (1861) Slavery and the Slave Trade, Ancient and Modern, The Forms of Slavery that Prevailed in Ancient Nations, Particularly in Greece and Rome. Columbus, Ohio, H. Miller https://archive.org/details/historyofslavery00blaka
5. Sir Christopher Hawkins (1811) Observations on the Tin Trade of the Ancients in Cornwall https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=JSoBAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.RA1-PP4&hl=en
6. Project Ancient Tin (2023) https://projectancienttin.wordpress.com
7. Trevor Davidson (2024) Culture, politics, and economics: Alcohol and the dynamic social environment of Celtic Europe https://scholarworks.uni.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1037&context=ugswork
8. Karim Mata (2019) Iron Age Slaving and Enslavement in Northwest Europe https://www.archaeopress.com/Archaeopress/DMS/7631052737434378954310F59ED951B0/9781789694185-sample.pdf
9. Bettina Arnold (1999) Drinking the Feast: Alcohol and the Legitimation of Power in Celtic Europe https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bettina-Arnold/publication/231888141_’Drinking_the_Feast’_Alcohol_and_the_Legitimation_of_Power_in_Celtic_Europe/links/544135fe0cf2e6f0c0f6049f/Drinking-the-Feast-Alcohol-and-the-Legitimation-of-Power-in-Celtic-Europe.pdf

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